Informative Speech - Siamese Cat - 1873 Words

Informative Speech Title: Siamese cat Speech outline: Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the interesting facts about Siamese cat. Central Idea: These facts include the Siamese cat’s history, standard, personality, and their roles in human’s life. Main Points: 1. The Siamese cat originated from Siam (now Thailand) and it is fairly well established that the cats were originally owned only by the king and the royal family in Siam. 2. There are two types of Siamese cat: Traditional Siamese cat and Modern Siamese cat, but both have similar coat pattern. 3. Siamese cat has a marvelous personality: intelligent, fastidious, entertaining, loyal, compassionate, coy, capricious and amusing. I am glad to be here today to†¦show more content†¦He is a lovely and the most intelligent cat that I ever owned. Unfortunately, not much local people, Chinese especially, know well about this cat breed. People tend to know more about Persian and other longhair cat breeds rather than Siamese. Well, the Siamese cat is originated from Thailand, formerly known as Siam. These cats were held in such high esteem in their native country that no one except the king and members of the royal family were permitted to own them. According to an ancient book, Cat Book Poems, which is now on display in the Thai National Library in Bangkok, Siamese is described as having black feet, tail, face and ears. Further, this cat is said to have red eyes. The blue eyes of the Siamese cat reflect a reddish glow, blood colored, when the wide-open pupil is met with a flash bulb or light in the dark. The written records also reveal that Siamese cats were venerated as guardians of the temples in Siam. When a person of high rank like the king or the royal family died, it was usual to select one of these royal cats to receive the dead person’s soul. The cat was then removed from the royal household and sent to one of the temples to spend the rest of its days living a ceremonial life of great luxury, with monks and priests as its servants. These cats were considered sacred and were reputed to eat the finest foods from gold plate and to recline on cushions made of the most opulent materials. At that time, SiameseShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech on Michael Jackson3232 Words   |  13 PagesInformative Speech Purpose: To inform or educate the audience about a topic of your choice. Time: 4-6 minutes Topic: Choose a topic that interests you and would probably interest your audience (the class). Consider what your audience already knows about this topic and what their attitude about this topic will be. Do not inform us of something we already know tons about. You may not choose something that could be done as a demonstration speech. Requirements: - You must inform the audience

Movie Review Tyler Perrys the Family That Preys - 1690 Words

Tyler Perry’s The family that preys This is a good family movie that can show the viewer’s how some people prey on one another. This movie reminded me of the times my brother and I didn’t get along. It shows how different families are and how they treat one another. Sadly this movie also shows how family members can be so cold blooded. This movie duplicates real life situations where innocent People get hurt, family loyalty gets divided and couples end up in divorce. This movie is centered on two main couples and a few supporting characters. Chris amp; Andrea This couple is different than most in many ways. Andrea, the wife character is all about money and power and thinks only about herself. Chris is a hard working husband who†¦show more content†¦They provide him with clean clothes, free meals and a place to wash up. When asked by her daughter why they do this for this man, Alice reminds her daughter Pam â€Å"You Never When You Might Be Entertaining an Angel†. Charlotte, Mrs. Cartwright finds out she has a problem that the doctor tell her about. The doctors tell her she had early onset â€Å"Alzheimer’s†. Without sharing her health information she asks Alice to take a trip across the United States heading west. She buys a 1959 Cadillac to drive on the trip. She wants to feel alive and have fun before the Alzheimer’s sets in. They travel through many states during their trip. While it’s her turn to drive Alice stops by a river and encourages Charlotte to get saved by being baptized in a river . Charlotte stops by a bar and has fun drinking and dancing, but Alice being a Christian doesn’t want anything to do with that stuff. The trip ends when Charlotte has an episode and Alice learns she has Alzheimer’s and wants to go home. While away Charlotte’s son William tries to stab his mother in the back and retire her early from her own company. This is a sad example of power and money being a priority more than family love and loyalty. William is definitely controlled by the secular world. Charlotte has a surprise her friend Alice has been buying stock from Nick, who although is now going through a rough time once was a stock investor for Cartwright’s inc. and William fired him. Nick, Pam and Alice attend a board meeting, the

Sonnet 116 Free Essays

Sonnet 116 is about love in its most ideal form. It is praising the glories of lovers who have come to each other freely, and enter into a relationship based on trust and understanding. The first four lines reveal the poet’s pleasure in love that is constant and strong, and will not â€Å"alter when it alteration finds. We will write a custom essay sample on Sonnet 116 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The following lines proclaim that true love is indeed an â€Å"ever-fix’d mark† which will survive any crisis. In lines 7-8, the poet claims that we may be able to measure love to some degree, but this does not mean we fully understand it. Love’s actual worth cannot be known – it remains a mystery. The remaining lines of the third quatrain (9-12), reaffirm the perfect nature of love that is unshakeable throughout time and remains so â€Å"ev’n to the edge of doom†, or death. In the final couplet, the poet declares that, if he is mistaken about the constant, unmovable nature of perfect love, then he must take back all his writings on love, truth, and faith. Moreover, he adds that, if he has in fact judged love inappropriately, no man has ever really loved, in the ideal sense that the poet professes. The details of Sonnet 116 are best described by Tucker Brooke in his acclaimed edition of Shakespeare’s poems: [In Sonnet 116] the chief pause in sense is after the twelfth line. Seventy-five per cent of the words are monosyllables; only three contain more syllables than two; none belong in any degree to the vocabulary of ‘poetic’ diction. There is nothing recondite, exotic, or metaphysical in the thought. There are three run-on lines, one pair of double-endings. There is nothing to remark about the rhyming except the happy blending of open and closed vowels, and of liquids, nasals, and stops; nothing to say about the harmony except to point out how the fluttering accents in the quatrains give place in the couplet to the emphatic march of the almost unrelieved iambic feet. In short, the poet has employed one hundred and ten of the simplest words in the language and the two simplest rhyme-schemes to produce a poem which has about it no strangeness whatever except the strangeness of perfection. (Brooke, 234) How to cite Sonnet 116, Papers

Assignment Brief and Case Study free essay sample

For advice on structure of the port, referencing and Other details please refer to Assessment section on the module Accessed. 2. In addition, your group should submit a group journal which should include a critical reflection (3-4 pages). The template of the group journal can be found at the end of this assignment brief and in Assessment section of Accessed. 3. Based on your group report and journal prepare a group presentation.Your presentation should have maximum six slides (excluding the first slide containing the title of the presentation and names of all group members) and the duration of your presentation should not exceed five-six minutes. All group members should present in class and be ready to step in if one or more group members do not turn up for the presentation assessment. Students not in attendance and not presenting will receive a mark of 0% for this element unless they have mitigating circumstances. The suggested structure of the presentation can be be found at the end of this assignment brief.For presentation tips please refer to Assessment section on the module Accessed. Assignment questions: Your report should address the following three points: 1. Do you consider that the different departments at Ironwoods are groups or teams? Justify your answer making reference to appropriate B theories and drawing on examples from the case study. 2. Making reference to appropriate B theories and drawing on examples from the case study outline and diagnose underlying issues and problems at Rings. Toots.Issues and problems at Rings. Toots may relate to group work, organizational culture and communication, motivation, and other areas. 3. Conclude the report with recommendations as to how things may be improved, I. E. Write an action plan for the company, basing your recommendations on your analysis of problems and issues as well as appropriate theoretical knowledge. Prioritize possible actions and consider the implications of your recommendations based on your knowledge of the company. Firing on three cylinders Lifestyle Cars Ltd, as is general amongst car manufacturers, distributes its vehicles through a series of authorized dealerships all over the UK. In order to successfully qualify for such authorization, each potential dealership has to undergo rigorous vetting procedures to ensure that Lifestyles quality standards will be adhered to. Competition for authorized dealership is always fierce, never more so than when, as with Lifestyle, the products are popular ND sell well. Dealers are expected to meet sales and growth targets laid down by the manufacturer in trade jargon to move the metal.Rewards for success are not just monetary: dealers who are performing well are awarded a variety of other prizes, from holidays to extra deliveries of new models into their showroom. Out-of-date models are obviously not as easy to move and not dealer wants deliveries of these cars in favor of new or improved styles. Once accepted as an authorized dealer, the relationship between dealership and Lifesty le is not always an easy one. The two organizations must live side y side for as long as the contract lasts.Lifestyle has no direct authority over a dealer but indirectly have great power. To understand this situation more fully, let us look at a typical dealership, Ironwoods Ltd. Founded more than twenty years ago by Alan Ringworm, it has seen steady growth over that time from its humble start as a vehicle repair shop to the present day which sees it as a Lifestyle authorized dealer. Founder Alan Ringworm, managing director of his own company is also the Lifestyle dealer principal; the organization chart is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Organization chart of Ironwoods LtdManaging director/dealer principal Car sales manager Issued-car sales New car sales Fleet sales After-sales manager Parts manager Service manager Speedy fit exhausts Overlaid on this is the Lifestyle organization of two regional managers, responsible for either sales or service. Thus the car sales manager reports directly to Alan Ringworm and in directly to his Lifestyle regional manager who has his own company targets to meet. Equally Ringworm, whilst being managing director of his own company, is also equally accountable to epistyle Cars via the two regional managers and their bosses.Failure to meet tankards and targets set could well result in the loss of the franchise. It would appear from Figure 1 that the dealership falls naturally into two distinct areas: Sales and After-sales. Even if this were the case, it would not be a welcome division: profit margins on new cars are low and a dealership relies on the after-market to engender customer loyalty and boost revenue. However, in the case of Ironwoods, the groups divide even further.Let us look at each section separately: Car Sales The car sales manager is responsible for essentially three separate and distinct areas: new cars, used cars, and fleet sales. To take the first two, historically there is always a bigger profit to be made from used cars than from new. Used cars can mean anything from a five-year-old vehicle to one which has only been owned for six months. An unknowing customer, therefore, intending to purchase a brand new car may be successfully prospected by a used-car salesman to buy a six-month-old car before they even get as far as the showroom door.Behind-the-scenes arguments ensue as to the customers intentions and to whom the commission should go, particularly if the customer has always purchased new before. Similar arguments occur within each team as to who the customer belongs to: comments such as, She was my customer, I talked to her first but Debbie signed her up on my day off- deserve a percentage, are frequently heard and in an industry where base salaries are low and made up by commission, are hardly surprising. Sales techniques can range from the subtle to the not so subtle.Subtle, in that test drives will always take a left-turn route so that the prospect does not feel worried or unsure about how a car will perfor m if they have to turn right across the traffic. Not so subtle is the use Of controlled selling techniques where prospects, on a flimsy excuse of taking the used car for a test drive, find themselves minus keys and virtually locked in a room until they sign on the dotted line. After-sales This area also tends to fall into WV distinct sections: Service and Parts.The Parts department serves two masters: the general public (be it a sleepyhead motor mechanic or a private car owner intent on doing his own servicing) and the Service department itself. The Parts manager is under increasing pressure to keep his inventory levels as low as possible and is recently heard on the telephone trying to borrow essential but slummed parts from other Lifestyle dealers in the region. The Service technicians are highly trained mechanics who these days have traded in their ring spanners for state-of-the-art computer diagnostics.They are paid by the number of jobs they complete. Tailors is alive and well in the motor industry: each job has a set time allotted to it and listed in the job book. Therefore if a technician can beat the book, not only are they paid for the number of hours that it should have taken but they can also go on to another job. It is not unusual, therefore, for a technician to be paid for seventy-five hours having only physically worked for thirty-nine.Clearly, therefore, there is tension between workshop and Parts: the former do not want to be held up waiting for a part which the department is trying to locate at another dealership. Against this general background we then have the manufacturer imposing strict controls in all areas from the showroom layout to the procedure for warranty claims. As mentioned, the car industry is a competitive one and Lifestyle have decided to introduce an even greater element of competition y introducing a set of customer care principles against which each dealer will be measured.Ten in total, five for Sales and five for After-sales (but primarily Service), they detail the main stages in a customer transaction and include areas such as manner, tone, and attitude of the salesman, quality of purchase experience and right first time, every time for Service. Performance against standards will be measured by customer questionnaires and each dealership will be given their results in a monthly league table for the whole region. Lifestyle have decided that each dealer who consistently alls below the region average will lose discounts a not inconsiderable amount of money over the year. After the first quarters figures had been issued, Alan Ringworm called a meeting of all staff and explained the results. Overall they were below the group average in the following areas: 0 Customers considered that salesmen were too pushy/ and they felt that they were abandoned once the deal had been done with them. CLC Service department was experiencing a high level of repeat repairs. Further analysis showed that this was partly due to standard Of work but also due to the fact hat the fault could not be immediately rectified because parts were unavailable and had to be ordered.All in all, if the dealership were to continue on this slippery slope it stood to lose up to EYE,OHO in the coming year. Asking each of his managers to come up with some solutions PEG, Alan Ringworm then wandered around the dealership where he overheard the following comments: l dont know why hes getting at us the customer care principles dont include Parts. (Parts manager) D l hope hes not going to change the payment system unless hes going to double wages. Beating the book is the only way can earn a living wage. (Technician) CLC I try to move the metal so that get my commission and keep Lifestyle happy and now theyre saying that Im too pushy in this job you have to be, otherwise somebody else gets the deal. (Nectar salesman) C Wed be a lot better off if Parts got their act together. (Workshop supervisor) C] We do the best we can and Service lets us down each time. (Accused salesman) D A lot of the problems are due to the Lifestyle warranty procedure theyre just too picky and thats why it seems as if were getting repeat repairs. (Service manager)Returning to his office Ringworm murmured to himself, l just dont know what to do. Read an article recently about quality circles but you need a spirit of cooperation for that this lot arent even speaking to each other. Source: Adapted from Muddle and Called (1996) I. Report Marking Criteria (30% of the overall module mark): 1 . Overall style of written report and structure 10% of total marks Writing style should be simple and fluent in terms of spelling, grammar and punctuation. The report should have a clear structure and organized into identifiable sections with introduction, main body and conclusion. Analysis Question 1 20% of total marks. The answer should have good theoretical underpinning drawing on the appropriate theories/issues of groups, teams and group working and should not be just a repetition and description of facts that are contained in the case study. There should be evidence of an indents examination of relevant issues with supporting evidence from the case. There should be evidence of logical development of arguments. Question 2 20% of total marks appropriate theories/issues of organizational culture, communication, group working, motivation, etc. ND should not be just a petition and description of facts that are contained in the case study. There should be evidence of an in-depth examination of relevant issues with supporting evidence from the case. There should be evidence of logical development of arguments. Question 3 of total marks You should provide recommendations to the company management indicating actions needed. Recommendations should be based on your analysis of problems and issues at Ironwoods as well as appropriate theoretical knowledge and also be realistic. They should demonstrate proportioning of possible actions that will combine coherently into a plan of action and should be flowing and integrated, not lists of bullet points. You should consider the implications of your recommendations based on your knowledge of the organization. 3. Referencing 10% of total marks There should be a properly constructed list of references using Harvard referencing system with a minimum of five appropriate academic SOUrces and all referencing and citing in the text should be correct. 4.Group Journal 20% of total marks This is a very important element of the group assignment. Please discuss and reflect on the following questions and provide your answers as a group: a) Your group profile. Drawing and collating your individual results from the skills questionnaires found in some of the Tutorial Topic Guides on Accessed give an overview of your group identifying your strengths as a group as well as your weaknesses (this exercise could be done at the first group meeting to get to know each other better). B) Working together as group.C] How did your group work together? C] Did any leader(s) emerge? How did you allocate the tasks between group members? C] Did you learn anything new about yourselves? 0 What has worked best in your group? What were the positive aspects of working in a group? What were the negative aspects of working in a group? L] What academic and employability skills did you develop in the process of working on this assignment and how can these skills be used in the future? C] What would you do differently if you had to work in a group again? C) Non-contribution of any group-members.At the end of your journal please indicate very clearly if any group memb er(s) has not contributed sufficiently to the group assignment. Also, clearly indicate non-contribution in the assignment cover sheet when you submit your presentation slides. II. Group presentation (1 0% of the overall module mark). Based on your group report and journal you should prepare a presentation and present in class for formal assessment w/c 15 December. The presentation (Max 6 slides excel. The cover slide) should include the following: 1 . Title of the presentation and names of group members (1 slide) 2.Brief analysis of main issues and problems identified in the case study company (Max. 2 slides). 3. Recommendations to the case study company as to how main problems and issues identified can be addressed and overcome (Max. 2 slides). 4. Academic and employability skills you have developed in the process of working on this group assignment (Max. Slides). This part of the presentation should be based on your group report. The presentation should be coherent and fluent. It should be well executed with smooth handovers and good eye contact.

Moonrise Kingdom Review Outline Color Analysis Essay Example

Moonrise Kingdom Review Outline Color Analysis Paper Describe the main problem of the film What is the inciting incident? Act 2 Describe the action that takes place in Act II Act II is where all the action takes place Act 3 This is how the film resolves itself Do not spoil the ending for the audience! Directing/Film techniques (One paragraph) Describe and assess the miss en scene (camera angles, editing, lighting, set production, costumes, etc. ) Cinematography (color palette) Identify other notable successes/failures of the film for example, special effects, etc. Lace this in the context Of other films (ii compare and contrast to there films from the same genre/director/period) Conclusion (One paragraph) Justify your opinion of the film by ranking it alongside others that you may or may not have already mentioned Suggest to the reader that this may be a film to see/avoid How Color Affects the Viewer in Moonrise Kingdom For this assignment, you will choose three scenes from the slides located on our Google Classroom site (bit. Do/flam mability) and analyze West Andersens use of the color RED (including oranges and pinks). Consider what the color red symbolizes and then think about what you know about each character ND their mental state. Each response must be well-reasoned, grade-appropriate, and at least a paragraph in length. This is an exploration Of psyche consider what you know about the characters as you write your analysis. In total, this essay will have three paragraphs. Color in Moonrise Kingdom In the Huffing Post, Michelle Mandate wrote: Just as director West Anderson has an affinity for a certain type of female character, he also has a natural attraction to certain types of colors. Throughout Anderson s films, we have seen the director use a sis-influenced lour palette that has made his movies as recognizable as the movie stars in them. Whether its the yellow and blue hues in The Adrenaline Limited or the orange and brown shades in The Fantastic Mr.. Fox, you can instantly tell (even without seeing Bill Murals face) youre watching a West Anderson film when you see those bright, saturated colors pop on the screen. Andersens latest film Moonrise Kingdom is no exception to the Anderson color palette. The muted yellow-green and pale blue colors we see in the movie ring true to Anderson s color style. We will write a custom essay sample on Moonrise Kingdom Review Outline Color Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moonrise Kingdom Review Outline Color Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moonrise Kingdom Review Outline Color Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Hrm Orientation Essay Example

Hrm Orientation Essay Example Hrm Orientation Essay Hrm Orientation Essay A procedure for providing new employees with basic background information about the firm. Orientation content Information on employee benefits Personnel policies The daily routine Company organization and operations Safety measures and regulations Facilities tour Orienting Employees (cont’d) A successful orientation should accomplish four things for new employees: Make them feel welcome and at ease. Help them understand the organization in a broad sense. Make clear to them what is expected in terms of work and behavior. Help them begin the process of becoming socialized into the firm’s ways of acting and doing things. The Training Process Training The process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. The strategic context of training Performance management: the process employers use to make sure employees are working toward organizational goals. Web-based training Distance learning-based training Cross-cultural diversity training The Training and Development Process Needs analysis Identify job performance skills needed, assess prospective trainees skills, and develop objectives. Instructional design Produce the training program content, including workbooks, exercises, and activities. Validation Presenting (trying out) the training to a small representative audience. Implement the program Actually training the targeted employee group. Evaluation Assesses the program’s successes or failures. Make the Learning Meaningful At the start of training, provide a bird’s-eye view of the material to be presented to facilitates learning. Use a variety of familiar examples. Organize the information so you can present it logically, and in meaningful units. Use terms and concepts that are already familiar to trainees. Use as many visual aids as possible. Make Skills Transfer Easy Maximize the similarity between the training situation and the work situation. Provide adequate practice. Label or identify each feature of the machine and/or step in the process. Direct the trainees’ attention to important aspects of the job. Provide â€Å"heads-up† preparatory information that lets trainees know they might happen back on the job. Motivate the Learner People learn best by doing so provide as much realistic practice as possible. Trainees learn best when the trainers immediately reinforce correct responses Trainees learn best at their own pace. Create a perceived training need in the trainees’ minds. The schedule is important too: The learning curve goes down late in the day, less than full day training is most effective. Analyzing Training Needs Task analysis A detailed study of a job to identify the specific skills required, especially for new employees. Performance analysis Verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee). Training Methods On-the-job training (OJT) Having a person learn a job by actually doing the job. OJT methods Coaching or understudy Job rotation Special assignments Advantages Inexpensive Immediate feedback Steps in OJT Step 1: Prepare the learner Put the learner at ease- relieve the tension. Explain why he or she is being taught. Create interest, encourage questions, find out what the learner already knows about this or other jobs. Explain the whole job and relate it to some job the worker already knows. Place the learner as close to the normal working position as possible. Familiarize the worker with equipment, materials, tools, and trade terms. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 2: Present the operation Explain quantity and quality requirements. Go through the job at the normal work pace. Go through the job at a slow pace several times, explaining each step. Between operations, explain the difficult parts, or those in which errors are likely to be made. Again go through the job at a slow pace several times; explain the key points. Have the learner explain the steps as you go through the job at a slow pace. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 3: Do a tryout Have the learner go through the job several times, slowly, explaining each step to you. Correct mistakes and, if necessary, do some of the complicated steps the first few times. Run the job at the normal pace. Have the learner do the job, gradually building up skill and speed. As soon as the learner demonstrates ability to do the job, let the work begin, but don’t abandon him or her. Steps in OJT (cont’d) Step 4: Follow up Designate to whom the learner should go for help. Gradually decrease supervision, checking work from time to time against quality and quantity standards. Correct faulty work patterns before they become a habit. Show why the learned method is superior. Compliment good work; encourage the worker until he or she is able to meet the quality and quantity standards. Training Methods (cont’d) Apprenticeship training A structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training. Informal learning The majority of what employees learn on the job they learn through informal means of performing their jobs on a daily basis. Job instruction training (JIT) Listing each job’s basic tasks, along with key points, in order to provide step-by-step training for employees. The 25 Most Popular Apprenticeships Training Methods (cont’d) Effective lectures Use signals to help listeners follow your ideas. Don’t start out on the wrong foot. Keep your conclusions short. Be alert to your audience. Maintain eye contact with the trainees. Make sure everyone in the room can hear. Control your hands. Talk from notes rather than from a script. Break a long talk into a series of five-minute talks. Programmed Learning Programmed instruction (PI) A systematic method for teaching job skills involving: Presenting questions or facts Allowing the person to respond Giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers Advantages Reduced training time Self-paced learning Immediate feedback Reduced risk of error for learner Training Methods (cont’d) Literacy training techniques Responses to functional illiteracy Testing job candidates’ basic skills. Setting up basic skills and literacy programs. Audiovisual-based training To illustrate following a sequence over time. To expose trainees to events not easily demonstrable in live lectures. To meet the need for organizationwide training and it is too costly to move the trainers from place to place. Training Methods (cont’d) Simulated training (occasionally called vestibule training) Training employees on special off-the-job equipment so training costs and hazards can be reduced. Computer-based training (CBT) Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) Learning portals Computer-based Training (CBT) Advantages Reduced learning time Cost-effectiveness Instructional consistency Types of CBT Intelligent Tutoring systems Interactive multimedia training Virtual reality training Distance and Internet-Based Training Teletraining A trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote locations via TV hookups. Videoconferencing Interactively training employees who are geographically separated from each other- or from the trainer- via a combination of audio and visual equipment. Training via the Internet Using the Internet or proprietary internal intranets to facilitate computer-based training. What Is Management Development? Management development Any attempt to improve current or future management performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills. Succession planning A process through which senior-level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Anticipate management needs Review firm’s management skills inventory Create replacement charts Begin management development Managerial on-the-Job Training Job rotation Moving a trainee from department to department to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points. Coaching/Understudy approach The trainee works directly with a senior manager or with the person he or she is to replace; the latter is responsible for the trainee’s coaching. Action learning Management trainees are allowed to work full-time analyzing and solving problems in other departments. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques Case study method Managers are presented with a description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve. Management game Teams of managers compete by making computerized decisions regarding realistic but simulated situations. Outside seminars Many companies and universities offer Web-based and traditional management development seminars and conferences. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Role playing Creating a realistic situation in which trainees assume the roles of persons in that situation. Behavior modeling Modeling: showing trainees the right (or â€Å"model†) way of doing something. Role playing: having trainees practice that way Social reinforcement: giving feedback on the trainees’ performance. Transfer of learning: Encouraging trainees apply their skills on the job. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Corporate universities Provides a means for conveniently coordinating all the company’s training efforts and delivering Web-based modules that cover topics from strategic management to mentoring. In-house development centers A company-based method for exposing prospective managers to realistic exercises to develop improved management skills. Off-the-Job Management Training and Development Techniques (cont’d) Executive coaches An outside consultant who questions the executive’s boss, peers, subordinates, and (sometimes) family in order to identify the executive’s strengths and weaknesses. Counsels the executive so he or she can capitalize on those strengths and overcome the weaknesses. Managing Organizational Change and Development What to change? Strategy: mission and vision Culture: new corporate values Structure: departmental structure, coordination, span of control, reporting relationships, tasks, decision-making procedures Technologies: new systems and methods Employees: changes in employee attitudes and skills Overcoming Resistance to Change What causes resistance? All behavior in organizations is a product of two kinds of forces- those striving to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. Lewin’s Change Process Unfreezing: reducing the forces striving to maintain the status quo. Moving: developing new behaviors, values, and attitudes, sometimes through structural changes. Refreezing: reinforcing the changes. Overcoming Resistance to Change Change initiatives Political campaign: creating a coalition strong enough to support and guide the initiative. Marketing campaign: tapping into employees’ thoughts and feelings and also effectively communicating messages about the prospective program’s theme and benefits. Military campaign: Deploying executives’ scarce resources of attention and time to actually carry out the change. How to Lead the Change (in 10 Steps) Establish a sense of urgency. Mobilize commitment through joint diagnosis of problems. Create a guiding coalition. Develop a shared vision. Communicate the vision. Help employees to make the change. Generate short-term wins. Consolidate gains and produce more change. Anchor the new ways of doing things in the company’s culture. Monitor progress and adjust the vision as required. Using Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) A special approach to organizational change in which employees themselves formulate and implement the change that’s required. Usually involves action research. Applies behavioral science knowledge. Changes the attitudes, values, and beliefs of employees. Changes the organization in a particular direction. Examples of OD Interventions Evaluating the Training Effort Designing the study Time series design Controlled experimentation Training effects to measure Reaction of trainees to the program Learning that actually took place Behavior that changed on the job Results that were achieved as a result of the training

Theraputic relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theraputic relationship - Essay Example The movie losing Isiah has evidence of the concept (therapeutic relationship); the movie is a story of a young boy (Isaiah) left in the trash by her mother. The mother leaves the child for dead after she found her missing in the dumpster she had left him. Trash collectors find him and take him to the hospital where a social worker named Margaret Lewin takes an interest in the boy, later she starts filling the adoption papers for the little boy. Margaret and Charles (her husband) want to give Isaiah a good and loving home together with their daughter Hannah. The boys mother, khaila is arrested for possession of drugs and shoplifting, she is later taken to a rehabilitation program where she heals and maintains without the use of drugs. After she leaves the program she secures a good job and finds a good place she lives, khaila later realizes that her child is well and alive. With the help of her lawyer and her counselor, khaila attempts to get Isaiah back, news that devastated the Lewins who by then considered Isaiah, their own son. The family also opens a case to fight for the boy, but the same goes for the mother, however khaila wins the case by showing that the two white parents did not expose the boy to his culture (black nation), they did not give the boy any books about blacks, had no black friends, and no black dolls. Even though the ruling was against Margarets argument was better as she defended her case by arguing that all that mattered was the love the family had for Isaiah and not political correctness. Khaila brings in an ex pert witness (psychologist) who argued that the mother had changed and that the child should grow to her own race. As the social worker takes the boy away, after her mother won the case, it is evident that the boy did not want to leave the white family. In this scene, the boy screams and cries for the Lewins,

Changing American colonial family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changing American colonial family - Essay Example iod, the child protectors and family reservations condemned the dissolute, a lazy working-class father who dishonored every aspect of their male decency by beating or deserting their wives and economically abusing or exploiting their children. In response to this, eleven states made non-support and desertion of destitute families a crime and three states introduced whipping post, in which men who beat their wives are subjected to flogging (Ramirez, 242) However, to fight the financial abuse of children, activists pressed for certain laws which included the compulsory school attendance laws, creation of orphan trains and orphanages for accommodating the neglected and abused children and lastly child labor restriction statutes. In the meantime, campaigns to minimize the rates of divorces in the 1880s were underway. During that period, it was recorded to have the world’s highest number of divorces. Reducing was done through prolonging the waiting periods, creating family courts and minimizing the grounds for divorce, alongside efforts to remove segregated male-only improvements of recreation. After about a century, the way that the issue of men in families was culturally and socially constructed experienced a fundamental redefinition. Combined with amplified struggles to enhance the male’s remuneration, so as to allow him to support his family devoid of the support of children and wives. Additionally, anxiety about the i mmigrant father who represented old beliefs and obstruction efforts to Americanize his off-spring was on the rise (Shammas, 110) To enhance integration, self-conscious exertions were made to use schools, peer relationships and settlement houses to aid first-generation children and wives to break free from outdated cultural beliefs which was frequently represented by the foreign language-speaking, unassimilated, bearded adult man. The majority of the legal responsibilities and rights of the familys head comes from ancient studies of one or another

Nutrition Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition Paper - Essay Example They believe that they are inadequate. People who view themselves critically are more prone to develop anorexia. Research on the biological causes of anorexia suggests that people with high levels of cortisol and low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have a tendency towards anorexia since these hormones control stress and general well-being of a person. Also some people are genetically prone towards the disease if it runs in the family (Shepphird, 58). The first stage of Anorexia as identified by research is when a person loses a good amount of weight in a relatively short time period. This is then followed by praises from friends, families and acquaintances. The patient gives too much worth to these praises and starts fearing an increase in weight. This then develops an obsession among the patient to limit or reduce weight. From herein begins, the disease process. In the early stages, the patient develops a compulsion towards physical exercise. Exercise starts taking up most of the patient’s time and he ignores his social life. At the same time, the patient starts obsessing about food. They start researching about food, calories and diets. They even try to implement these in their own diet and often try to hide these details from their friends and family. In the second stage, the patient becomes preoccupied with his body image. He starts focusing on individual parts of his body where he assumes that he needs to lose weight. The person feels basically fine in his stage but starvation is becoming quite common in the second stage. The third stage occurs when the patient starts to starve himself. He starts wearing warmer clothes as starvation leads to cold. The patient also displays many other emotions as a direct result of starvation. These include depression, anxiety, paranoia, irritability, insomnia and exhaustion. It is difficult for immediate friends and families to ignore Anorexia Nervosa. The symptoms appear on the

Some discussion questions for abnormal psychology

Some discussion questions for abnormal psychology Nearly all of us have known someone at some point of our lives who has suffered from depression, alcoholism, anxiety or another psychological disorder.   What is your perception, at this point, of abnormal psychology and psychological disorders?   What is your own experience and knowledge of abnormal psychology?   How do you think this course might change your perception when you have completed it? My perception of abnormal psychology is that there are many different factors, which may affect people in different ways. There is so much that I do not know about abnormal psychology; and yet I have known many who have suffered from different forms of abnormal psychology. I have known people who have dealt with alcoholism, depression, and anxiety. Personally, my life has been affected by depression and anxiety through family members. Tragedy has also played a part in my life that have affected people close to me to where they have resulted in change of behavior. I am aware that many people suffer from depression some are treated and others go on with out treatment. I can only guess that the same may be for other psychological disorders. I think that this course will make me more aware of different disorders and give more understanding to what I have known from past experiences and maybe allow me to have more understanding to what others may be going through in their lives. I believe that psychological disorders are a result of not being able to handle what life has dealt. I think most of us have dealt with depression, alcoholism, anxiety or other disorders at one time or another in our lives. The psychological disorder may have been as a result of work related stress, family stress, stress of life or loss of a loved one. I think that people who suffer from alcoholism or drug use it temporary cope with depression but in the end the emotional feeling is still there when the drugs wear off. I also think the only way to cure a person is for them to change their perception of life and for them to learn how to deal with problems. I think counseling may help them to understand their problems, so that could be beneficial. Also, when the patient is off the medication the feelings of depression comes back thats why I think medications are temporary fixers. I love to observe people and understand why they are the way they are or why they do some of the things the y do. Hopefully, this will help me better understand them or psychological disorder. I think a person who have problems, need to seek a therapist or counselor; to talk about their problems, because it will be able to calm the individual down. The person will be able to think twice about their life and not destroy it by doing drugs or drinking too much. A person can drink too much or over dose on any kind drugs, it can lead to death, illness, or any kind of medical conditions. My perception of Abnormal Psychology is the behavior, medical, and the cognitive. The perception of psychological at this point is the patterns of behavioral and the symptoms; for example, mood, disorders, anxiety, and developmental disorders. The text book stated that psychological disorders can occur when and individual is associated with distress or impairment; for example, an individual who have bipolar (Durand, Barlow, 2007). An individual can have mood swings, racing thoughts and reckless behavior; need to be treated with some kind of therapy. This course will help me to understand how in dividuals react when there is some kind of psychological disorder. This course will also help me to understand what the individual illness is, and be able to help deal with the different situations that might occur. Reference: Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth Unit 2 Question one Abnormal behavior can be very difficult to define. What is considered normal in one society may not considered normal in another, depending upon that societys mores and norms.   To determine if one is displaying abnormal behavior, certain criteria must be met.   One of the criteria is the level of personal distress that is felt by the individual and another is how the behavior is viewed in a particular society.      Using material from the text, respond to the following questions:   Which criterion is most important in defining whether a person is normal or abnormal, is it the individual or society?  Ã‚   After considering both of these views, choose the one you feel is most significant and discuss why you think this is so.  Ã‚   The strongest answers will provide specific examples and reference from the course material  to support the position. The criterion researchers follow in labeling an individual with a psychological disorder come in three distinct symptoms; these include, 1.) a psychological dysfunction, 2.) distress or impairment, and 3.) a response that is not typically or culturally expected. Taken from our text, the psychological dysfunction refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, impairment of being able to function around or in society without the feeling of distress and, your behavior deviates from the average so much so that it is atypical or not culturally expected (Barlow, Durand, 2007, p. 3). What I find interesting is that all three aspects of the definition of a psychological disorder have to be present in order to for a particular behavior to be considered abnormal. If a person possesses two out of the three criteria listed in the definition, the person may have some issues that need to be addressed, but are not displaying acts of abnormal behavior. For example, a pers on that is experiencing psychological dysfunction due to distress may appear normal and can function just fine in society. I know a few people like this that just need a little extra help to deal with their issues, but are able to live their day to day lives normally (Barlow, Durand, 2007). I agree with the chapter it is hard to place a definition on what is considered normal or abnormal in society. I think we know it if we see it but this could have a positive or negative affect on categorizing a disorder. I am wondering if a long time ago if it was abnormal to sleep in the same bed with your husband but a couple did. Would it be considered abnormal behavior? Or when in the past when a woman did not have a career and just raised her children but there could have been a woman that had a career. Would this behavior be considered abnormal as well? I think that depending on where a person lives regardless or culture or area of the United States the definition of abnormal or normal could be subjective. Reference: Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Question 2 Homelessness is a major problem in many urban areas of the United States and in many cases, those who are on the street suffer from one or more psychological problems.   Using material from the course in support of your response, how did deinstitutionalization contribute to the problem of homelessness and how shall our society now deal with the problem of mental illness as it relates to the homeless population? Deinstitutionalization had two goals: (1) to close the large state mental hospitals and (2) to create a network of community mental health centers where the released individuals could be treated Durand Barlow, 2007. pg 567). The community network system should have been in place and functioning before institutions were closed leaving many with no treatment. The result was we shifted many from one kind of institution to another; jails or prisons, group homes, nursing homes, and have taken on the numbers. That does not even count the numbers that are living on the streets because they lack the social skills to get and keep a job. Many homeless people find it stressful to have an apartment; worrying about the money to pay for food, electric, and heat? The stress of applying for home health aides, energy assistance, and food stamps is often two much. Living on the street they do not have to worry about these things. If you have ever been through financial problems you know how stressful it is. The ability to handle stress is diminished by any psychological disorder making these normal stresses intolerable. As a community should see to it that the needs of the mentally ill are addressed. Establishing small local hospitals, to provide short term stays, assigning case workers to help them apply for assistance would be a good start. The budget issues can easily be addressed by pointing out that if they do not provide for these needs they will most likely end up in jail or hospitalized cost much more than addressing their problems first. Deinstitutionalized happened during the 19th century when the leaders in psychiatry care were alarmed at the increasing size and impersonality of mental hospitals and recommended that they be downsized. It took about 100 years before the community mental health movement was successful in reducing the population of mental hospitals with controversial policy of deinstitutionalized meaning patients were released into their communities (Durand Barlow, 2007). The problems with deinstitutionalizing were many 1. Patients were mentally ill and use to being under 24/7 care 2. Patients unable to stay on their medicines 3. Patients unable to get housing, jobs, no where to go 4. Patients have no money, some have no family to go to 5. Hundreds of nurses and staffing are not needed and are let go These patients, many of them, are not suitable to be set free in society, they cant live on their own without medication and direction, therefore once set free, if they dont have any family to go to they will probably end up homeless. Even now days, we do what we can to make sure our elders and mentally unstable are taken care of, but there is only so much that doctors can do for many of them. They can be treated, but they still have to be sent home under a family members care as they dont meet the criteria to be institutionalized. I am a strong believer that if institutions were more available financially and medically to everyone then a lot more people would be getting the help they need. I realize that institutes are expensive, however, the expense of a truly mentally ill person on Medicaid constantly seeking emergency help just to get a warm meal or some attention isnt exactly cheap. Reference: Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Unit 3 Criminal behavior is often the result of an interaction between genetic and environmental factors; however, many believe that one may be a more significant cause.  Ã‚  Referencing and citing material from the text, choose one side of the argument (genetics or environment) and discuss why this particular factor is more important in determining criminal or abnormal behavior.   For example, if you think that environment is more important than genetics, why do you feel this is so? My personal opinion is that there is an interaction between environment and genetics that set up the right combination resulting in criminal behavior. Environment exerts more influence; family dynamics, culture, and even exposure of pollutants or toxins are part of the environmental influence. People with the same genetic components must be exposed to the right environment before engaging in criminal or anti-social behavior (Jones, 2005). Inheritable psychological problems have to be given the right circumstances for the person with the genetic predisposition to engage in criminal behavior (Jones, 2005). Jones (2005) noted a Denmark study that found a biological component for criminal acts against property, but not for violent crimes. I think I am leaning more towards the environment after reading the lesson, I had originally thought it was more genetically based, but the more I read, the more I was convinced that maybe the environment over ruled the genes. However, I do think they play off of each other. For instance, the text states that the environment may occasionally turn on certain genes (Durand Barlow, 2007). So I guess if a child is born into a family of so called criminals, then that is probably the only behavior that child is going to know, therefore he/she will end up just like the rest of the family, but not because of genetics, because of the people and the environment. If someone where to snatch that child up right after he/she was born and place him/her into an entire different environment where criminal behavior was not accepted then the only way that child would ever be exposed to that behavior would be on the streets or at school, however, he/she would know the correct way to behave and would ho pefully resort to that way. This isnt to say that a well behaved child will never act badly or even become a criminal. Considering the diathesis stress model, individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may be activated under conditions of stress (Durand Barlow, 2007). So this is saying that the stress of the environment can sometimes bring out those bad genes that some of us may carry deep down inside of us and we may not even know they exist. We all have a tendency to be a bit vulnerable under certain stress levels at certain times and it all depends on how we handle those life situations as to how we end up. Reference: Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Jones C. M. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on criminal behavior. Personality Research: Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved February 15, 2009 from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/jones.html Question2 The text discusses several ways that culture, gender or social factors influences our health and behavior.   Choose one of these factors and discuss how this particular influence could influence one ¿Ã‚ ½s behavior.   Be sure to provide specific references and support from the text and course material  for your response. Although culture, gender, and social factors all take a apart in influencing our health and behavior, I personally believe gender differences play a significant role in shaping how we are as a society. For example it is a general conclusion that women are nurturing, emotional, feminine and in some ways the weaker sex of the two. Men are generally seen as more masculine, strong, and dominant. In the workplace men still hold a sense of dominance and are generally viewed as they head of their households since women hold dominance in domesticated duties such as child care and housework. Though in our society we have learned to draw a gray line between gender roles, they definitely still exist. It is easily seen in our media and advertising which is part of our daily lives. For example how often do you see a male nurse or a female contractor? Also how often are little girls seen playing with baby dolls, while boys are expected to play with action figures? These types of subtle differences teach us from the beginning what is considered normal behavior in terms of gender. The text book stated that gender roles have a strong and sometimes puzzling effect on psychopathology (Durand 2007). Women and men handle their fear, phobia and other behavior different. A man can hurt doing dangerous stunts, but he continues to do it. Some men try not to let other people know that he is hurt or fear of anything. A women who may experience a bad car accident and she might not want to drive for a couple months or not at all. A woman may experience some type of phobia from the accident. Most male are more likely to drink their fear or problems away. Some women may show fear or scared that the incident might happen again that males are more likely than females to self-medicate their fear and panic with alcohol and in so doing start down the slippery road to addiction (Pg. 65). Another one that falls in with gender is eating disorders which women tend to have more. I think that as growing up it depends on how girls and boys are taught and what they learn. Reference: Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Unit 4 This unit ¿Ã‚ ½s reading, Younger children diagnosed with personality disorders, discusses the concept of preschool children being diagnosed with psychological disorders previously thought to be in adolescents and adults exclusively. Using critical thinking, what is your opinion on treatment at the earliest signs of mental distress in children? Support your ideas with specific references to the article and the text book. I think it is so sad to hear about children younger and younger, especially preshool children being diagnosed with personality disorders. This may have been happening longer then we think and I agree with the article it is not comfortable to anyone. According to Dr. Charles Zeanah, a psychiatrist at Tulane University in New Orleans, the public is uncomfortable with the idea of serious psychopathology in young children it violates our idealized images of babyhood and toddlerhood as care free, innocent, and a time when all things are possible (Benedict Carey). However I think the sooner they are diagnosed the sooner they are treated and do not have to go through life with out feeling stable. But, having to live with those medications their entire life is going to be miserable for them as a child and as an adult. I also think that the media, their surroundings, and friends have a huge effect on how these children are feeling. Girls have the images of growing up fast, being skinny, wear ing makeup and dressing provocative and the toys they sell are also of this image, make girls think this is how they have to be. Same with boys they tend to think that being popular, dressing cool in name brand clothes, and acting out in certain ways is okay. I think it is so sad that these young children who are our future have to go through and continue to go through these types of personality disorders their entire lives. So my feelings on children being diagnosed are based on my experience. I dont know that children are really truly ever able to be 100% diagnosed with a mental disorder just because a lot of being diagnosed requires client feedback and children cant always give that part to the doctor. According to the reading, doctors are diagnosing mental illness in children at younger ages than ever (Carey, 2003). It also states that doctors are being pressures by the outpouring of new drugs on the market, and by patients who want medications that work better and quicker. I am however astounded that the number of children taking psychiatric drugs has more than doubled in the past 15 years (Carey, 2003). Before any medication is prescribed or treatment, I believe that medical test for underlying issues and a behavioral assessment should be done. Understanding the behavior that is occurring in different situation may help in designing treatment (Durand and Barlow, 2007). If the child is a danger to h im/her self I could see the need for medication, but I still think that each child is different and that not one treatment is a fix all. References: Carey, Benedict (2003). Younger Children Diagnosed with Personality Disorders. Newspaper Source. Toronto Star. Retrieved on February 14, 2010 from http://reserves.uah.edu/coursepage.asp?cid=72 Durand, V.M., and Barlow, D.H. (2007). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Unit 4 question 2 Although the short personality test you participated in was not as in-depth as those that are given by psychologists, it gives you a very good idea of the types of questions that are on the formal tests, as well as the personality profiles.  Ã‚   Many employers require that their potential employees complete a personality profile before they are hired.  Ã‚   What are some of the benefits a company would gain by requiring a personality profile of applicants?   What are some potentially negative aspects of employers requiring a personality profile of applicants? The most widely used personality inventory in the United States, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which was developed in the late 1930s and early 1940s and first published in 1943. The MMPI and similar inventories are based on an empirical approach, that is , the collection and evaluation of data. The administration of the MMPI is straightforward. The individual being assessed reads statements and answers either true or false. Some of the benefits from the data are that individual responses on the MMPI are not examined; instead, the pattern of responses is reviewed to see whether it resembles patterns from groups of people who have specific disorders (e.g., a pattern similar to a group with schizophrenia). Each group is represented on separate standard scales (Durand, Barlow, 2007). Some potentially negative aspects are that the original standardization sample- the people who first responded to the statements and set the standard for answers- included many people from Minnesota who had no psychological disorders and several groups of people who had particular disorders (Durand, Barlow, 2007). I have never had to take a personality test before starting a job so I am not sure what types of questions the test may consists of, but I actually find it quite disturbing myself. I feel that in many high paying professional jobs, the employer brings the prospective employee in several times to interview with several different people which gives the employer plenty of time to get to know enough about the person and if he/she will fit in with the group or not. The disadvantage is anyone can lie on those tests. On the other hand, I think once the person is hired in, it may be a good idea to get to know more about the person by using a personality test, but I dont think its fair to base the hiring decision on the test. Maybe just as an immediate boss it would be good to know how the employee feels or may react in a given situation. Another negative thing I see is that each applicant may read into the questions differently which then they may respond differently.

The Wealth of Nations Essay -- essays research papers

In 1759 Adam Smith, then a thirty-six year old Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University, published his Theory of Moral Sentiments. This work attracted the attention of the guardians of the immensely wealthy Duke of Buccleuch towards retaining its author as a tutor to the youthful Duke whilst on a protracted, and hopefully educational, "Grand Tour" of continental Europe. While tutoring from 1763 Adam Smith found some of the time spent in the French provinces hard to fill and seems to have begun his masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, as a way of taking up otherwise idle hours in the summer of 1764. Overall however he derived much personal philosophical benefit from these months of journeying on the continent. In Paris he met amongst others, the "Physiocrat" economic theorist (and court Physician) Quesnay and the French Ministers, Turgot and Necker. The French economic policy, during these times were conducted in accordance with the "Mercantilism"(the theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade) that had held sway in the economic thinking of Europe for some three centuries. Mercantilism expected that governmental control would be exercised over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that national strength (i.e. the Royal states treasury) is increased by a preponderance of exports over imports. By nature, back then France was fitted to be a great agricultural country, a great producer and exporter of corn and wine; but French legislators for several generations had wanted to counteract the apparently natural bias of French economic life towards agriculture, and had tried to make France an exporter of manufactured goods. Like most legislators in those times, they had been prodigiously impressed by the ambitious position which the maritime powers, as they were then called (the comparatively little powers of England and Holland), were able to take in the politics of Europe. They saw that this influence came from wealth, that this wealth was made in trade and manufacture, and therefore they dete... ...one constitutes the ultimate aim and end of economic life. Although Economics has moved on in many was from the outlook and policies endorsed in the Wealth of Nations that epoch-making publication remains as perhaps the most famous economics book of all time. Governments in search of a strengthening of their states through economic policy, and many individuals in search of personal gain, have all drawn lessons from its pages. Powerful movements that led to the emergence of Modern Capitalism were substantially based on Smith's work and hence he deserves to be regarded as one of the most dramatically influential philosophers or philosophic writers of modern times. This book is a comprehensive and systematic theory of an economy. It shows the connections and relationships among variables. The Wealth of Nations also talks about the division of labor. Smith states that the division of labor starts the process of economic growth. One growth is started, accumulation keeps it going. There are three benefits of division of labor. First; increase in skill and dexterity. Second; save time in moving from job to job. And lastly, the invention of new machinery.

Amartya Sen and His Contributions to Economics

Born in 1933 in Dhaka, Bengal, Amartya Sen spent his childhood in a school run by a Nobel Prize winner, Rabindranath Tagore. He was further exposed to racial riots in British India in his childhood. This brought him the understanding that poor people are especially vulnerable to violence. As a young man, Sen moved to England to study at Cambridge University and deepen his understanding of poverty, a topic in developmental economics.Upon finishing his education, he taught at some of the finest universities in the world, including Cambridge University, Oxford University, London School of Economics, and Harvard University (â€Å"Freedom as Progress,† 2004). Today, the name, Amartya Sen is considered synonymous with welfare economics. The man won the Nobel Prize for economics in the year 1998 (â€Å"Amartya K. Sen†). The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences explains the reasons for the award thus: Prof Sen's contribution to welfare economics †¦ (and) applications of his t heoreticalapproach have enhanced our understanding of the economic mechanisms underlying famines. He has made a number of noteworthy contributions to central fields of economic science and opened up new fields of study for subsequent generations of researchers. By combining tools from economics and philosophy, he has restored an ethical dimension to the discussion of vital economic problems. Prof Sen treated problems such as majority rule, individual rights and the availability of information about individual welfare.Almost all of Prof Sen's work deals with development economics, as they are often devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. He has also studied actual famines. His best-known work is Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. He challenges the common view that a shortage of food is the most important (sometimes the only) explanation for famine. On the basis of careful study of a number of catastrophes †¦ he argues that famines have occurred even when the supply of food was not significantly lower than during previousyears (without famines), or that famine-stricken areas have sometimes exported food. (â€Å"Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society,’† 1998) Sen won the Nobel Prize especially for his work in welfare economics (â€Å"Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics,† 1998). His contributions in this area include the social choice theory, welfare and poverty indexes, income distribution, research on famine, collective decision making and individual welfare (â€Å"Amartya Sen,† 2000). The economist’s contribution to the social choice theory relates to democracy.Sen is a fan of Adam Smith, but the social choice theory was originally developed by Marquis de Condorcet, a French mathematician who lived and worked during a period of revolution back in the eighteenth century. The theory was modernized in the 1950s by Kennet h Arrow from Stanford University, who had also won a Nobel Prize for economics. But, Sen’s contribution to the theory is marked by its political implications. He was concerned about violence inflicted upon the poor in British India, which is why his contribution was meant to be a framework to evaluate social progress (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).According to Sen, the Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product are unreliable. The reason is twofold: firstly, these national income statistics do not measure income distribution as it is; and secondly, there are various influences upon individual freedom as well as well-being that these statistics fail to give consideration to, for example, disabilities and exposure to serious illnesses in a contaminated environment. Sen further believed that the head-count technique of measuring the malice of poverty is insufficient.He did not only want to know how many people fell below the poverty line but also how far they fell be low or rose above the poverty line. It is possible to analyze income inequality among the poor as well with these statistics. Hence, Sen proposed a new poverty measure in the year 1979 (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This method was developed to take into consideration â€Å"the ‘relative deprivation’ of individuals† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen also helped in the development of the Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Program.His contribution to the Human Development Index included a vector of numerical figures to take into account the various influences on individual welfare that the Gross National Product would not accommodate (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Undoubtedly, this Index, inclusive of â€Å"observed features of living conditions,† is now â€Å"the most widely accepted measure of comparative international welfare† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen was a witness to the Bengal fa mine of 1943, which is what inspired him to contribute to famine economics so much so that governments around the world have developed policies around his contributions.Most policymakers and commentators had previously believed that famines ensue when the supply of food declines. Although this makes perfect economic sense, Sen proved through his study of famines in Bangladesh, India, and sub-Saharan Africa that famines also occur when the supply of food has not declined. In the year 1974, for example, Bangladesh was hit by a famine although production of food was very high. Furthermore, Sen proved through research that it was not only the poorest people that were affected by famines; rather, even those who had suddenly experienced a decline in income for some reason were affected by food shortage.As a result of his research, governments decided to replace the lost income of the poor during famines. Prior to this, they had simply concentrated on food distribution (â€Å"Freedom as P rogress†). Sen further found that famines do not happen in democratic countries. In India, for example, information spreads rapidly and criticism about policies is not discouraged, which is why the country has never experienced a famine. Even though India is poorer than China, the latter experienced a famine that killed approximately thirty million people between 1958 and 1961.But, Sen did not just advocate democracy through this research. As he studied famine economics, he analyzed gender inequality to boot. According to him, democracy has not inspired India to save women from dying prematurely year after year because of inequality in access to healthcare (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In fact, millions of women are equally affected by this problem in addition to â€Å"domestic neglect† and â€Å"social negligence† in West Asia, North Africa, China and India (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†).Even if these problems are resolved, Sen has noted that â€Å" ‘selective abortion of female fetuses’† is a new contributor to the high rate of female mortality (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, those who believe in aborting female fetuses would disagree with Sen that it is a social problem to reduce the female population thus. It is for this reason that Sen’s social choice theory revolves around democratic principles (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). In other words, â€Å"when there is general agreement, the choices made by society are uncontroversial.When opinions differ, the problem is to find methods for bringing together different opinions in decisions that concern everyone† (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). This theory of social choice analyzes the significance of individual decisions for collective welfare. Apart from analyzing the issue of gender inequality, Sen has used this theory to answer questions such as, ‘When is it possible for majority rule to yield decisions that are c lear and consistent? ’ and, ‘Because individuals have differing interests, how is it possible to know that the society is doing well?Branching into politics, Sen’s contribution to social choice theory makes it essential for democracies not only to perfect the process of elections but also to hold regular public debates and discussions. He offers the example of India to illustrate this point. The country had voted out a powerful political party on the basis of political discussions even if the result of the elections had appeared decisive (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Sen explains another use of the social choice theory with an example of India. There was public debate on the issue of whether poverty in India was on the decline.Upon analyzing the issue with the social choice theory, Sen discovered that reduction in poverty only affected those who were already very close to the poverty line. It is for this reason that the economist continues to trust evaluat ion of income distribution through a variety of measures rather than Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product alone. With his contribution to the Human Development Index, the economist has theoretical evidence that education and healthcare reforms will alleviate poverty in developing nations.Moreover, Sen believes that globalization can benefit the poorest people of the world to boot (â€Å"Freedom as Progress†). Of course, to make this dream a reality, policymakers must be working around the Human Development Index. After all, violence, too, affects everybody. If poverty is not alleviated, economic progress must needs be dampened by war.References Amartya K. Sen. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://cepa. newschool. edu/het/profiles/sen. htm. Amartya Sen. (2000). LSE. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. lse. ac. uk/resources/LSEHistory/sen. htm. Freedom as Progress. (2004, Sep). People in Economics. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft /fandd/2004/09/pdf/people. pdf. Sin wins Nobel for Contribution to Welfare Economics. (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen5. htm. Sen’s work is ‘devoted to the welfare of the poorest people in society. ’ (1998, Oct 14). Rediff on the Net. Retrieved Apr 1, 2009, from http://www. rediff. com/business/1998/oct/14sen2. htm.

Free Essays on Appalachian Poverty

Appalachian Poverty Poverty is a global problem, and it has existed from the beginning of civilization. Hunger, homelessness, and lack of health care are major aspects of this worldwide dilemma. Many countries are in complete poverty and a majority are third-world countries. Within the United States of America, a land of plenty, there are also pockets of extreme poverty. Governments around the world are trying to solve this huge problem. Third world poverty and Appalachian poverty, which occurred in the United States of America, have developed for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. Throughout the world, poverty has plagued all countries. In smaller, under-developed countries many people die from starvation. These countries cannot afford to support their citizens. Due to their financial problems, the people lack proper shelter and clothing to keep themselves warm during cold months. Since they lack adequate shelter and clothing, diseases occur all over. These diseases develop a lot easier with poor nutrition. Once again with more financial problems, health care is limited to none. Lawrence Senesh, the contributor of "Poverty as a Social Problem" from World Book, says poverty is usually caused by the difficulty in holding and even getting a job (650). Ability, education, and skills help determine the kind of job an individual gets (650). Everyone does not have the same physical abilities and mental abilities. Poor health and abilities prevent some people from holding a job. Through science people have been able to hold onto jobs a lot easier (650). It has increased the need for professional workers and lowered the demand for the unskilled (650). So, the people with higher education will get paid a higher income, and people with lower education will get paid a lower income. Changes in economic slumps can often bring poverty. When businesses drop off and ... Free Essays on Appalachian Poverty Free Essays on Appalachian Poverty Appalachian Poverty Poverty is a global problem, and it has existed from the beginning of civilization. Hunger, homelessness, and lack of health care are major aspects of this worldwide dilemma. Many countries are in complete poverty and a majority are third-world countries. Within the United States of America, a land of plenty, there are also pockets of extreme poverty. Governments around the world are trying to solve this huge problem. Third world poverty and Appalachian poverty, which occurred in the United States of America, have developed for various reasons, and these situations have led to a great deal of problems. Throughout the world, poverty has plagued all countries. In smaller, under-developed countries many people die from starvation. These countries cannot afford to support their citizens. Due to their financial problems, the people lack proper shelter and clothing to keep themselves warm during cold months. Since they lack adequate shelter and clothing, diseases occur all over. These diseases develop a lot easier with poor nutrition. Once again with more financial problems, health care is limited to none. Lawrence Senesh, the contributor of "Poverty as a Social Problem" from World Book, says poverty is usually caused by the difficulty in holding and even getting a job (650). Ability, education, and skills help determine the kind of job an individual gets (650). Everyone does not have the same physical abilities and mental abilities. Poor health and abilities prevent some people from holding a job. Through science people have been able to hold onto jobs a lot easier (650). It has increased the need for professional workers and lowered the demand for the unskilled (650). So, the people with higher education will get paid a higher income, and people with lower education will get paid a lower income. Changes in economic slumps can often bring poverty. When businesses drop off and ...

Weeping Willow essays

Weeping Willow essays Weeping Willow was painted from 1918 1919 by the French artist, Claude Monet. The painting is oil on canvas with a restricted palette. This painting is one of ten weeping willow paintings that he painted in his late seventies (Kimball). This piece of artwork was acquired by the Kimball Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas in 1996 and is part of the museums permanent collection. Monet uses a restricted palette with this piece of artwork. He uses oranges, reds, and yellows instead of his usual pastel palette. Weeping Willow was painted during the time of World War I, and it reflects his sorrow and determination to be strong during this period of anxiety while the nation was struggling to be victorious. It is very interesting to notice that on the left side of the painting the colors are more of a cool tone with darker colors and on the right side the colors are warm with lighter colors. The brush strokes are very bold and thickly applied which give it a sense of depth. It seemed as if to me, that the tree could just surround me and filter out all sunlight and isolate me from the world. It almost makes you feel like you are smothering under all of the branches and leaves. After looking at it for a short period of time I felt a sense of depression and gloom reflecting from the artwork. It was very interesting for me to find out from some other observers talking about the landscape, at the Kimball, that Monet had painted this piece after having cataract surgery on his eyes and that his color perception was temporarily affected (Kimball). I was moved by this piece of artwork and would really like to view other paintings of his around this same time period. It obviously was a very depressing time in his life, during World War I, and his brush strokes reflect it very well. They have a downward motion that also symbolizes depression or feeling down. Weeping willow ...

Finance and Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Finance and Management Accounting - Essay Example No commercial entity runs an R & D department to conduct in fructuous basic research ((ICMR), 2003). Management accounting is the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information that assists managers in specific decision-making within framework of fulfilling the organizational objectives (The ICFAI University Press, 2004). Like water, this rising tide of data can be viewed as an abundant, vital and necessary resource. With enough preparation, we should be able to tap into that reservoir -- and ride the wave -- by utilizing new ways to channel raw data into meaningful information. That information, in turn, can then become the knowledge that leads to wisdom. The idea is that information, knowledge, and wisdom are more than simply collections. Rather, the whole represents more than the sum of its parts and has a synergy of its own. In an organizational context, data represents facts or values of results, and relations between data and other relations have the capacity to represent information. Patterns of relations of data and information and other patterns have the capacity to represent knowledge. ... Without on-demand access to managed knowledge, every situation is addressed based on what the individual or group brings to the situation with them. With on-demand access to managed knowledge, every situation is addressed with the sum total of everything anyone in the organization has ever learned about a situation of a similar nature. Management accounting --- Importance of Stakeholders In the highly competitive environment, the survival of an organization may depend on how well stakeholders are managed. However, when managers delegate this responsibility of managing the stakeholder interests, there is no systematic way to evaluate their performance. With an evaluation method, such as a report card, managers no longer rely on observations regarding the outcomes of stakeholder management; they receive direct information from their stakeholders and can plan interventions accordingly (Slovensky, 2002). Management planning and control system is related to accounting system. Suitable goals are set based on the information provided by the accountants. Projections of futures sales, expenses, incomes and estimation of profit are made depending on the accounting information. After setting goals while examining alternatives, information about these alternatives comes from accounting system and the accountant is made to combine the data and produce meaningful reports. Though, implementation of chosen alternative is done by the mangers alone without the intervention of accounting system, the accountant is required to collect and summarize data about the success of the chosen plan. The evaluation of performance depends heavily on the accountant accumulates and reports. Though, accounting system is helpful in the process of

How Hooliganism Is Seen in the Contemporary World Coursework

How Hooliganism Is Seen in the Contemporary World - Coursework Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that to give a reason for some of the key attributes of hooliganism, a division between impulsive, relatively secluded confrontations of spectator violence and the conduct of socially organized fan groups which participate in aggressive violent behavior should be drawn. This division is historically apparent through a change from a pattern in which assaults on football match officials and opponent players preponderated over assaults on opponent fans, to a practice in which fights against fans and the police became the dominant form of watcher muddled state. Pearson defines hooliganism as a violent, raucous and disparaging behavior. Hooliganism has closely been associated with sports activities due to violence among the spectators. There are numerous theories on the history and origin of hooliganism. In reference to the Oxford dictionary, hooliganism originated in the late years of the 19th century from the surname of an illusory unruly Irish family, Hooligan, in a musical-hall song of the 1890’s. Hooliganism has been used since the late 19th century. It described a street bunch of criminals in London in the 1890’s, just about the same time Manchester street mob were achieving disrepute. Exact first usage of the term hooliganism and how it came to be used in the present meaning is not well known. The Daily News reported a case at Southwark Police Court in London where it indicated that Clarke, 19 years old, arraigned for the attack on police was the ringleader of â€Å"Hooligan Boys†, a gang of youth. This gang had graced with their presence a music hall and caused disturbances which led to the police being called. Later the next month, two young men were brought before a court in London for unruly behavior.

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms Assignment

Development and Diversification of Living Organisms - Assignment Example The complete set of genes within a living organism’s cell is called genotype. On the other hand, the complete set of physical characteristics that make up the structure of an organism is called phenotype. The limitations of these factors will inhibit the reproduction process, which of course results differ from one species to another because of the differences in characteristics that are inherited and environmental influences. This variation is also the result of a process called mutation, which is caused by radiation, viruses, and errors during DNA replication. Genes that arise by mutation and found at the same place on a chromosome is known as an allele. Thus, it can be said that evolution is the result of two opposing forces. According to Hardy-Weinberg’s Theory, the genotype and allele frequencies of a population will often remain in equilibrium, unless disturbing influences, such as mutation, is present. The equilibrium state is only possible when the genotype and allele frequencies do not change. This happens when a population has a large size, which prevents the occurrence of genetic drift, bottlenecks and founder effects. The equilibrium state also occurs when there is no mutation, as explained earlier and that random mating takes place, which is explained below. However, this is hardly the case. In other words, if the equilibrium state is violated by factors such as those mentioned above, then evolution will take place. The genotype and allele frequencies are influenced by environmental and cultural events. A given genotype frequency can occur with random mating in a single generation as this causes the evolution of a given species, which in turn produces a new equilibrium within that one generation. For instance, continuous random mating of a black-haired population will result in homozygotes. Such violations include inbreeding, assortative mating, and small population size. On the other hand, a change in allele frequency can occur when selection, mutation, and migration happen.

Personality Psychology Essay Example for Free

Personality Psychology Essay Everyday, we meet different kinds of people. It can be our friends, family or new acquaintances. Some of them we already know or even share a common trait. However, it is not always guaranteed that we understand them always. They may behave in this way today, but will be completely different tomorrow. Just as genes contribute to the uniqueness of each one of us, personality in every person is also distinct. Personality is defined as the entire mental organization of a human being at any stage of his development. It embraces every phase of human character: intellect, temperament, skill, morality, and every attitude that has been built up in the course of ones life (Warren Carmichael, 1930). With this concept in mind, we can say that personality is the essence of the human being. He reacts to any life circumstances with his own personality. Psychology regards this as an important factor in understanding people. Personality can work itself on what you are now and how will you be in the future. Research efforts have been expended through the years on how personality develops on one person. Studies on the different patterns of behavior, feelings and thoughts that make a person have been experimented. David and Larsen mentioned in their book that the fundamental components of personality are the following: (1) consistency, which means that people behave in a recognizable order; (2) psychological and physiological, aside from the works of the mind, personality is also governed by biological factors; (3) impact behaviors and actions, it does not only influence how a person respond, but also causes him to act in certain ways and; (4) multiple expressions, personality is embodied not only on one behavior. Given these complexities, it has become a basis of school of thoughts to theorize a person’s personality. Nevertheless, most researchers unite on the fact that personality lies on biological and social systems. Early psychology attributes personality as influence of biological factors. These are what to be known as Type Theories. It tells us that it depends on a person how he reacts on the external environment. One can be extroverted or introverted. Another type of personality theories are the Trait Theories. According to the American Psychiatric Association, traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Traits can be considered also as a big player in defining one’s personality. Overtime, researches on personality has evolved. Earlier, it directs its focus on the person itself, but later on, psychologists acknowledge that the environment the person plays with also dictate his disposition. A person’s personality can change depending on what he sees on other people, not only what he believes in himself. Behavioral and social cognitive theories comprise the contemporary theories on personality. Together with the evolution of personality research, personality tests were also developed. These are very useful nowadays to educational and working environments where people are subjected to diverse kinds of people and experiences. Understanding a person’s personality is an important indicator to teachers and bosses, since this will aid them in handling other people. Personalities of people continue to be a mystery to most of us. However, with how psychology evolves, we can now, if not all, pinpoint the factors that will let us understand how people behave. True enough, it is still a very interesting topic to look on to, given the challenges of the ever changing society. Bibliography Buss, D. M. , Larsen, R. J. (2006). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature. New York City: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Robins. (2002). Overview of the proceedings of the 2002 meeting of the association for research in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 539-540. Warren, H. C. , Carmichael, L. (1930). Elements of human psychology. Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.

Meaninglessness Glory in Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay

Meaninglessness Glory in Wilfred Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est It is sweet and proper to die for one’s country. Sweet! And decorous! If in some smothering dreams you too could pace behind that wagon, my friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory that old lie†¦. Wilfred Owen titles his poem the Latin translation of what he refers to as â€Å"The old Lie† (Dulce Et Decorum Est), and sets out to disprove it. Using poetry and imagery as his primary tools, Owen recalls the death of his friend in disturbing detail, displaying the meaninglessness of the ordeal. Owen attempts to deny the glory that many believe is to be had through dying in war. Instead of a more traditional argument, however, Owen opts for poetry. In his poem, he tells the tale of soldiers struggling. The struggling turns to anguish once gas is unleashed upon them, preying on one man who was not quick enough to put on his helmet in time. â€Å"Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.† They quickly put him in a wagon an...

Korean Economic Crisis Essay -- Korea Asia Economy Papers

Korean Economic Crisis problems with format The Korean economy did an important role in the remarkable economic growth, which was so called  ¡Ã‚ °East Asia ¡Ã‚ ¯s miracle ¡Ã‚ ±. At the end of 1997, however, the Korean economy fell into a crisis of default and finally received IMF ¡Ã‚ ¯s relief aid. After that, Korea has been struggling not only to reform its monetary system but also to promote drastic reforms in its economic structure in order to improve the productivity of the Korean industry. Given this context, understanding what truly caused the Korean economic crisis is very important. Without identifying and remedying the fundamental problems, nobody can be sure that Korea will not have the similar kind of economic crisis never again. So, we need to identify what caused the crisis in 1997 and what the Korean government has to do. Therefore, this paper will examine the root cause of Korea's economic crisis in 1997 and present solutions for the stable growth of the Korean economy in the future. 2. Causes of the Korean economic crisis On November 21, 1997, the Korean government formally asked the International Monetary Fund for stand-by loans. With this request, the Korean government admitted its inability to meet international debt payments with its own means. The followings are three popular views about the cause of the Korean economic crisis in 1997(Cho, 1999): First, the currency crisis in Southeast Asian countries mainly Thailand and Indonesia in the summer of 1997 made Korea vulnerable to the attacks of currency speculators. So, the currency speculators turned their attention to Korea after having devoured the Southeast Asian countries. Second, the root cause of the... ...1998. Press Release IV.  ¡Ã‚ °Economic Crisis and Restructuring in Korea, ¡Ã‚ ± International Conference, Dec.3, 1999, Seoul, Korea .(http://www.idep.org/conference12/default_eng.htm) Underwood, Peter(1998), Korea ¡Ã‚ ¯s Current Economic Crisis, Industrial Research & Consulting, Affiliate of Fry Consultants Atlanta, (http://www.fryconsultants.com/new.html) Yang , Woo Jin(2002),  ¡Ã‚ °Roots of the Economic Crisis in Post-Democratization Korea ¡Ã‚ ±. By Eileen Sir, UCLA International Institute, (http://www.isop.ucla.edu/research.asp) http://www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http://www.res.org.uk/media/annconf99/demet.htm http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/Books/koreareform.html http://www.hankooki.com/kt_op/200011/t20001129171159481174.htm http://www.nira.go.jp/newse/research/a151.html http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/index-g.html